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Sports have become increasingly popular and account for numerous estimate injuries each year. The sports that chiefly commonly cause eye injuries, in order of decreasing commonness are basketball, water sports, baseball, and racquet sports. Sports are classified as cheap risk, high risk, and extremely high risk. Sports-related eye injuries are stupid penetrating, and radiation injuries. The use of estimate protection has helped to diminish the number and severity of inspection injuries. The American Society for Testing and Materials has established performance standards for chosened eyewear. Consultation with an organ of sight care professional is recommended for fitting protective eyewear. The functionally one-ey or monocular, athlete should take extra precautions. A preparticipation vigilance examination is helpful in identifying living bodys who may be at increased risk for watch injury. Sports-related eye injuries should be evaluated forward site with an adequate examination of the sight and adnexa. Minor eye injuries may be treated in succession site. The team physician must know which injuries require immediate referral to an ophthalmologist and the guidelines for returning an athlete to competition. (Am Fam Physician 2003;67:1481-81494-6 Copyright[C] 2003 American Academy of Family Physicians.)

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Sports and recreational activities are becoming increasingly popular and account for more than 40000 view injuries each year in the United States. About 90 percent of sports-related ocular injuries are considered preventable. (1-5) Athletes should be educated on team physicians about proper sight and facial protection and encouraged to use protective devices. Thirty percent of ocular injuries among children younger than 16 years are sports related. Basketball, water sports, baseball, and racquet sports account for most numerous injuries. (1) Among young [i]role[/i]s five to 14 years of age, baseball is greatest in quantity frequently associated with ocular injury, while among bodily forms 15 to 64 years of age, basketball is the leading cause of watch injuries. (1,2,6-10)

Sport Classification and Risk

The American Medical Association classifies sports as collision (football, rugby hockey lacrosse), contact (baseball, soccer basketball, wrestling), noncontact (cross-country running, track, tennis, gang swimming), and other (bowling, golf archery, field events) These classifications may be misleading because golf and racquet sports, for instance, have a great potential for judgment injury but may not be considered hazardous for the monocular athlete if these classifications are followed. by conversion these classifications may be overly restrictive with regard to contact sports like as hockey, for which adequate view protection is available. (7)

When considering the potential for judgment injury, it may be more appropriate to categorize sports as gentle risk, high risk, and real high risk. Low risk indicates no use of a ball, robin good-fellow bat, stick, or racquet, and no material part contact. Examples include track/field, swimming, gymnastics, and cycling. High-risk sports involve the use of a ball, robin good-fellow bat, stick, or racquet, and/or carcass contact. Examples of high-risk sports include baseball, hockey football, basketball, lacrosse, racquet sports, tennis, fencing, golf and water polo Very-high-risk sports, in the same state [i]or[/i] condition as boxing, wrestling, and contact martial arts, are those in which view protectors typically are not worn. (210)

Preparticipation Examination

A total eye examination should be part of any sports physical. With each athlete, physicians should obtain an ocular history, paying special attention to prior conditions similar as a high degree of myopia, surgical aphakia, retinal detachment, estimate surgery, and injury or infection. Athletes with any of these conditions may be at increased risk for serious organ of vision injury. (2,11,12) It also is important to assess athletes who have a efficient family history of retinal detachment, retinal tears, and diabetic retinopathy. (12) Athletes with like risk factors should be evaluated from an eye care professional before engaging in any high-risk or very-high-risk sport. (13)

greatest in quantity Common Mechanisms of Eye Injuries

The principally common mechanisms of eye trauma involve obtuse penetrating, and radiation injuries. abrupt trauma accounts for most sports-related sight injuries. (5,14) The extent of ocular damage be pendents on the size, hardness, and velocity of the abrupt object, and the force imparted directly to the view A direct blow to the globe from a dull object smaller than the eye's orbital opening causes rapid anteroposterior compression and dilation of the middle of the globe, transmitting a great force to the internal ocular configurations A blunt object larger than the orbital opening set to work s force on the floor of the orbit or the medial wall, resulting in fractures of the thin bone This "pressure-release valve" may preclude rupture of the globe. However, there is a high incidence of recondite internal ocular injuries (1,7) (Figure 1)

Examples of stupid injuries include orbital blowout fracture, orbital and lid contusions, iris injury, ruptur globe (Figure 2) traumatic iritis, subconjunctival hemorrhage (Figure 3) hyphema-blood in the anterior chamber-(Figure 4) retinal hemorrhage, commotio retinae (Figure 5) vitreous hemorrhage, choroidal hostility (Figure 6), retinal tears, and retinal detachment. (3781215-18)